Macrophages Control the Bioavailability of Vitamin D and Vitamin D-Regulated T Cell Responses
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- Macrophages Control the Bioavailability of Vitamin D and Vitamin D-Regulated T Cell Responses
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The active form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) has a great impact on T cell effector function. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 promotes T helper 2 (Th2) and regulatory T (Treg) cell function and concomitantly inhibits Th1 and Th17 cell function. Thus, it is believed that vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects. However, vitamin D binding protein (DBP) strongly binds both 1,25(OH)2D3 and the precursor 25(OH)D3, leaving only a minor fraction of vitamin D in the free, bioavailable form. Accordingly, DBP in physiological concentrations would be expected to block the effect of vitamin D on T cells and dendritic cells. In the present study, we show that pro-inflammatory, monocyte-derived M1 macrophages express very high levels of the 25(OH)D-1α-hydroxylase CYP27B1 that enables them to convert 25(OH)D3 into 1,25(OH)2D3 even in the presence of physiological concentrations of DBP. Co-cultivation of M1 macrophages with T cells allows them to overcome the sequestering of 25(OH)D3 by DBP and to produce sufficient levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 to affect T cell effector function. This study suggests that in highly inflammatory conditions, M1 macrophages can produce sufficient levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 to modify T cell responses and thereby reduce T cell-mediated inflammation via a vitamin D-mediated negative feed-back loop.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 722806 |
Journal | Frontiers in Immunology |
Volume | 12 |
ISSN | 1664-3224 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:
© Copyright © 2021 Lopez, Al-Jaberi, Woetmann, Ødum, Bonefeld, Kongsbak-Wismann and Geisler.
- cytokines, DBP, macrophages, T cells, Vitamin D
Research areas
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